Solvent Extraction of Eu(III) from Nitrate Media

Solvent Extraction of Eu(III) from Nitrate Media Non fluorinated ionic liquid was used as a solvent of by bis (2-ethylhexyl)diglycolamic acid (DEHDGA) to investigate the extraction of Europium (III) various parameters: extractant concentration, pH, concentration of the salting-out agent and concentration of the europium(III) ion in the aqueous feed. The efficiency of extraction was enhanced by increasing the pH of the feed solution (aqueous) upto its maxium range pH 5, that subsequently decrease at high pH values [1]. Room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim+][PF6−]) was applied for the extraction of Eu3+ Th4+ from nitrate medium using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as an extractant the results were compared with extraction method of dichloro methane. Both methods involved solavation mechanism by forming [Eu(TOPO)33+](NO3−)3species. Another outcome was elucidated that the method also involve cation exchange mechanism by formation of [Th(TOPO)34+](NO3−)4 in dichloro methane, while Th4+ and Eu3+ not effected by presence of TOPO in ionic liquid method. So it can be concluded that formation of [Th(TOPO)4+](NO3−)(PF6−)3 invloves that mixed ion exchange –solvation mechanism for the extraction of Th4+ ion [2]. various substituted diglycol amide (DGA) solvent extractants: N,N,N†²N†²-tetra(2-ethylhexyl) diglycolamide (T2EHDGA); N,N,N†²N†²-tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide (TODGA); N,N,N†²N†²-tetra-n-hexyl diglycolamide (THDGA); N,N,N†²N†²-tetra-n-decyl diglycolamide (TDDGA) and N,N,N†²N†²-tetra-n-pentyl diglycolamide (TPDGA) for the investigation Eu3+ ion transport property in nitric acid solvent extraction and supported liquid membrance (SLM) methodology. Slope analysis method was utilized to determind the nature of extracted species. By using DGAs various parameters like effect of phase modifier assay on extraction of Eu 3+ ion and effect of feed acidity were investigated [3]. Alok Rout et al prepared the ionic liquids, tri-n-octylmethylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate ([A336]+[DEHP]−) and tri-n-octylmethylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)diglycolamate ([A336]+[DGA]−) and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The extraction behavior of europium (III) in the solution of these ionic liquids present in different molecular diluents was investigated using in variation of different parameters like pH, nature of diluent, concentration of ionic liquid. The data obtained were compared with those obtained in a solution composed of the precursors of ionic liquid. The extraction of europium (III) in [A336]+[DEHP]−and [A336]+[DGA]−ionic liquids showed a strong dependence on the nature of molecular diluent used. The distribution ratio of Eu(III) increased with increase of pH; at pH>2, the distribution ratios obtained in ionic liquids were much higher than their precursors. The effect of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) on the extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) at a fixed pH was studied to separate europium (III) from americium (III). Superior extraction of the target metals and excellent separation factors achieved with the use of these ionic liquids in conventional diluents indicates the feasibility of separating lanthanides from actinides [4]. W. Wang et al. was studied the extraction of europium by using an anionic surfactant. The influence of concentration of anionic surfactant, extraction temperature, pH, concentration of co-surfactant, salting out agent and aqueous- microemulsion ratio on extraction yield were studied by using sodium oleate (NaOL)/pentanol/heptanes/NaCl system. The extraction yield (E%) was found above 99%, when the R=8, Probably Europium was extracted in form of Eu(OL)2Cl into the microemulsion phase. The back-extraction was performed by using hydrochloric acid (0.8mol/L), back extraction resulted the yields 95.15% [5]. Extraction equilibrium constants were investigated by using nonlinear least squares method and a chemically based model was also developed. In the suggested model the salvation extraction and cation exchange reaction occurs in high and low acidity regions respectively. The non-ideality of aqueous phase and (HR)2 were adjusted and corrected by complexation of metal with chloride ion and (HR)2 replacing by using efficient concentration. The model verified by finding the close results of calculated metal distribution ratios and experimental results. E. Makrlà ­k et al has been investigated the micro-quantity of europium and americium by using nitrobenzene solution of hydrogen dicarbollylcobaltate (H+B) in presence of 1,2-(diphenylphosphino)ethylene dioxide (DPPEDO, L). The values of stability constant of both complexes are comparable in water saturated nitrobenzene. Stability of the complexes HL+org and HL+2;org in nitrobenzene saturated with water increases in the series of DBDECMP DPPEDO DPBCMPO‘‘classical’’ CMPO, whereas the stability of the EuL3+n;org and AmL3+n;org (n = 2, 3, 4) complexes in the mentioned medium increases in the DBDECMPDPPEDODPBCMPO‘‘classical’’ CMPO order [7]. The extraction of Eu(III) was investigated by Awwadet al, from nitrate medium by CYANEX921 (C921). It was found that the chemical formula of the main extracted species in the organic phase is Eu(NO3)(3).3[C921] for extraction by C921. It was found that the Eu(III) percent extracted from toluene, n-hexane, cyclohexane and kerosene was nearly similar but with faster phase separation in favor of toluene. The relation between the shaking time and the percent of extracted C921 (%E) was studied at different pH. It was found that the best shaking time is 20 min at pH between 0.5-1.0, whereas at pH 2.0 the best shaking time is 15 min. The maximum extraction of Eu(III) was found to be after 5 min at pH 3.0. The extraction of Eu(III) increase with increasing of pH, however, the extraction precent increase from 28.5% at pH 0.5 to 98% at pH 3.0 The calculated average for the extraction constant is 6.58 at pH 3.0 under various C921 concentrations. From the data obtained, it was found that arsenaz oIII (AIII) is a good stripper for Eu from organic phase which reach to 65% at pH 2. The stripping of Eu decreased from 57% to 2% when rising the pH in range of 0.5 to 11 (10). Ohashi et al investigated the extraction of lanthanoids(III) (Ln(III) =, Eu(III) , La(III) and Lu(III) by using techniques cloud point extraction in presence and absence of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid with triton X-100 and suggested that the extraction of Ln(III) into the surfactant-rich phase in absence of chelating agent was occurred due impurities existence in Triton X-100. The extraction yield was obtained more than 91% for all Ln(III) metals by using 3.0 x 10(-5) mol dm(-3) HDEHP and 2.0% (v/v) Triton X-100 (11). Solvent extraction of Eu(III) from nitrate media with 4-acyl-isoxazol-5-ones and 2-acyl-5-diluents has been studied by Jaoval Arichi. Due to competitive complication of Eu3+ by NO3 in the aqueous phase, the extraction from nitrate medium is less effective than from per chlorate medium [12] Synergic extraction of Eu (III), Tb (III), with 2-thenoyltrifluoroactone and tribenzyl amine as neutral donor from chloroform from per chlorate media at lower pH was reportedly M. M. Saeed et al. The effect of temperature on extraction has also been studied [13] F.A. Shehata investigated the synergic extraction of trivalent Eu, Gd and Am from aqueous per chlorate medium using mixtures of thenoyl trifluoroacetone (HTTA) and 15-Crown-5 or 18-Crown-6 in chloroform at (25  ± I) (slope analysis of the M (TTA)3. (CE)2 for extracted species. The stability order took the sequence Eu(TTA)3. (CE)2>GA(TTA)3. (CE)2 with 18C6 [14]. A. Ali suggested the synergic extraction of, Eu (III), Ce (III) and Tm (III) w ith a mixture of tributyl phosphine oxide Picrolonic acid in chloroform. Picrolonic acid acted as a chelating agent and tributyl phosphine as a metal legend in chloroform. Among the anions fluoride, oxalate citrate and cyanide ions masked the extraction, whereas Fe (II), Cu (II) and No(II) reduce the extraction [15]. Extraction of Eu (III) and Tm (III) with picrolonic acid in MIBK was investigated by A. Ali. The buffer solution of pH was used. The composition of organic addict responsible for extraction of these material ions have been calculated by slope analysis method. Among the anions, citrate, fluoride, oxalate and cyanide ions masked the extraction, when the, Cu(II), Ni(II), Fe(III) and Co(II) minimized the extraction. D.F. Peppard compared the liquid liquid extraction behaviour of Eu(II) and Eu(III) [16].

Ethical Behavior in Business Essay

In the business world employers and business owners should know that there is no room to be dishonest, or greedy dealing with a business. In reality people need to be held responsible and accountable for making sure that they are holding up and following ethical business practices. There is no reason that any business owner or manager should not follow the golden rule at work just like they would at home, treat people the way you want to be treated should work at all times. Thinking about the old saying â€Å"Ignorance is no excuse† would apply in business as well as in our personal life. (Mautner, 2005) It is best to study the business culture of all businesses all over the world, when dealing with International business, all avenues should be addressed before conducting business in different locations. There could be all kinds of bad business practices lawsuits if someone was to go to another country and did not understand the culture of that country. For instance in Mexico they believe that having a siesta during midday production that will help increase their production. Siesta time is usually from 12pm – 2pm and it’s the time to eat or sleep. In the United States most employers give their employees one hour for lunch, it would cause someone to lose their job if they told their supervisor that they was taking a siesta for 2 hours. That is why it is very important to study the culture and all the business practices of all countries so that companies would not be involved in bad or corrupt business transactions. Just because something is legal in the U.S. does not mean that it would be legal in another country. Most places follow different ethic rules and regulations based on their morals. When showing concern for good behavior that is the best way to describe ethics, showing consideration and making sure others are treated the same and equal are the best way to have good business ethics. It’s very much the same as the way we treat our family and friends on a day to day basis, whatever people do in life has consequences because of how we act or not act is another way to describe business ethics, mainly by following the regulations and rules that are expected to be followed by laws and other authority. Knowing that if your business earned only $10,000 for the week and you have earned only $7,000 from sales that week and your payroll office process (checks to the employees and companies that distribute products on a weekly basis) and knowing that all the checks will not clear because there is not enough money to pay all the expenses, this would be unethical and not good for the business. To have good business ethics would be shown by the views of other businesses that do take their business serious and follow the rules of good business ethics. Its best to work with people that have great business goals and taking care of the needs and necessities of the business versus working with someone that really do not care about goals only about how much money they can earn. When a business has good ethical behavior is will show because it would be positive and appropriate. Morally anyone would rather go to a clothing store that is neat and clean and the clothes are matching in colors and styles and accessories are available. As a woman I would not feel comfortable shopping in a store that was messy and not clean and everything look like it had been on the floor and not on hangers, the appearance would be unethical and I would not shop where I felt the morals were low or that the owners seem to not care or have any business ethics. The way you can tell if a business is running under good ethical business tactics would be by the employees work and the overall concept of the organizational actions. A business that does not have good ethics can be spotted right away, if the managers are lazy and don’t have any care about helping their clients or customers and the other employees act the same way, the sales will not be great because of all the negativity. When you see employees that are happy, and enjoy their jobs and all the perks and benefits they will take care of their clients or customers. Each job should make sure that all their employees, including supervisors, managers and everyone Keep high work ethics standards 100% of the time, this helps the business or organization moving in a positive direction. By keeping employees involved with the organization such as conducting training and keeping courses available to improve their performance by communication the mission, and the objectives and actions as an employee there this most definitely would keep the encouragement of positive ethical behaviors to help all benefits for the employees and the organization as well as clients or customers. It’s sad that all business and organization do not have good business ethics and that is why they have a revolving door as far as keeping good employees. Business ethics have been shown through study of all human conduct, as far as emphasis on being right or wrong, this shows that they follows the rules dealing with principles and standards by the way they handle business ethics. The principles and standards that shows marketing conduct that is acceptable is called marketing ethics and its determined by the organization different owners and stakeholders that relate to all the marketing activity. The three main principles that help a business earn trust and have long marketing relationships are the following: * Advertising * Sales * Distribution For instance Fox News Channel always seem to talk negative about democrats, or anyone that is associated with the democratic party. â€Å"I challenge anybody to show me an example of bias in Fox News Channel.† (Rupert Murdoch (Salon, 3/1/01) Ethical behavior and code of ethics requires people to act appropriate and follow the law of the land, which shows exactly what the business ethics are on a day to day basis. â€Å"Business ethics and the codes that formally define it always include elements that go beyond strict legality; they demand adherence to a higher standard† (USLegal.com) People know that we are not supposed to steal or lie to employers on their job, but they continue to do so with no regrets until they are caught. In 2002, legislation passed the (SOX) Sarbanes-Oxley Act which requires all corporation to publish their code of ethics to ensure that people who trade in stock, must publish their code of ethics with any changes to the codes when they are updated, most small businesses are not required to publish their code of ethics, only because they do not have an option with public trade. I feel that organizations should always show and perform with positive ethical conduct all the time, this shows that their business practices are consistently and appropriate for their business ethics. Whenever you see a business that is not doing well the first thing you should look at would be how ethically sound is that business, from the start of dealing with the business, if you notice the business that do not have good morale or work ethics instilled. You will find that this business do not keep employees long because the positive employees with good ethics will leave and find a company that has the needs and business ethics they are looking for as far as a good work environment. In my opinion a business that does not operate with ethics will not function right and when you earn money that has not been earned in an honest way it will not last long because people do reap what they sow, if you plant negative a crooked seeds that is what you will grow in the long run. The best policy would be for a company to have good business ethics and integrity, without these Two main factors for any business they will surely have problems with their business running without issues. The definition lists ethical as â€Å"pertaining to or dealing with morals, or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct†¦being in accordance with the rules and standards, for right conduct or practice, especially the standards of a profession.†

Analysis Of The Wasteland By T. S. Eliot - 2210 Words

Intertextuality in the Wasteland One of the masterpieces of Anglo-American modernism, â€Å"The Wasteland† by T. S. Eliot, was published in a time when European society had just emerged from World War I, a war that had traumatized and destabilized the whole continent and its society making it reconsider much of its beliefs and previous assumptions. A sense of disillusionment and cynicism grew among people who did no more believe in the humanity and order of the world surrounding them. Eliot has succeeded to represent all those feelings in his poem which soon became known as â€Å"the work that best expressed the mood of postwar generation disillusioned by the loss of ideals and faith in progress† (Dupree 7). In the poem, Eliot suggests a path to escape the degrading condition of modern society through a return to previous civilizations and cultures bringing into light their ideals, beliefs and experiences as a model for the restoration and reformation of the lost and fading away European identit y and culture. Delmore Schwartz states that â€Å"Eliot’s theme is the rehabilitation of a system of beliefs, known but not discredited (209). The mosaic picture of different cultures, myths and civilizations produced throughout the poem is the product of a wide-ranging use of intertextuality. The Waste Land is a scene of various literary, historical and cultural encounters, weaving a solid inter-textual fabric. In this essay I attempt to study the instances of intertextuality in T. S.Show MoreRelated Search for Innocence in American Modernism Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Modernists called this hole the wasteland Many Modernist works focus on society lost in the wasteland, but they hint at a way out. The path out of the wasteland is through a return to innocence. This is evident in the Modernist works of The wasteland by T. S. Eliot, Directive by Robert Frost, Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Hills Like White Elephants by Earnest Hemingway as will be show n in an analysis of the inhabitants of the wasteland and their search for innocence, theRead MoreAnalysis of the Symbolic Journey in Weirs Way Back and Eliots Waste Land963 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of the Symbolic Journey in Weirs Way Back and Eliots Waste Land Aside from the obvious symbols of water and fire, birth and purification, in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land, there is the overall symbol of journey first implied in the opening stanza: Marie, hold on tight. And down we went. 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The Amendment Of The Voting Rights Act - 936 Words

Thus, when faced with arbitrary legislative action or inaction, judicial intervention â€Å"is not only appropriate but essential† to protect citizens’ constitutional rights. Furthermore, when the Court resolves constitutional questions that, for whatever reasons, elected representatives, cannot, its rulings can guide lower courts, legislators, and citizens concerning the scope of individual rights and permissibility of governmental conduct. When the Court applies the standing doctrine regardless of legislative inertia or entrenchment, some citizens are left with rights but no remedies and a government that is unaccountable and unresponsive to its citizens. This was precisely the point that Justice Scalia made in Shelby County, and most likely why the Court refused to defer to Congress despite overwhelming support for re-authorization of the Voting Rights Act. Noting that â€Å"they [Senators] are going to lose votes if they do not reenact the Voting Rights Act,† and suggesting that the Act would be â€Å"reenacted in perpetuity unless †¦ unless a court can say it does not comport with the Constitution,† Justice Scalia recognized the necessity for judicial intervention in this situation. The same principle should be applied when politically powerless citizens seek to challenge the constitutionality of law and redress through the democratic process is nothing but an exercise in futility. To deny such citizens standing where they assert a legally cognizable harm, are within theShow MoreRelatedThe Social Problem Of Voting Rights1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe social problem: What is the social problem you will examin e? The research will examine voting rights in relation to voting right inequalities and the society’s effort to have an all minority groups included in the civic process. 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